The Bible states that God’s mercy is great unto the heavens and his truth unto the clouds this clouds was the nebula a giant clouds of dust in the space: Before the invention of a giant telescope the bible revealed that there is a clouds of dust in the space:
In Psalms 57:10 “For thy mercy is great unto the heavens, and thy truth unto the CLOUDS”
A nebula is a giant cloud of dust and gas in space. Some nebulae (more than one nebula) come from the gas and dust thrown out by the explosion of a dying star, such as a supernova. Other nebulae are regions where new stars are beginning to form. For this reason, some nebulae are called “star nurseries.” Nebulae are made of dust and gases—mostly hydrogen and helium. The dust and gases in a nebula are very spread out, but gravity can slowly begin to pull together clumps of dust and gas. As these clumps get bigger and bigger, their gravity gets stronger and stronger. Eventually, the clump of dust and gas gets so big that it collapses from its own gravity. The collapse causes the material at the center of the cloud to heat up-and this hot core is the beginning of a star.
The Bible states that he causeth the vapours to ascend from the ends of the earth this process called evaporation:
“He causeth the vapours to ascend from the ends of the earth; he maketh lightnings for the rain; he bringeth the wind out of his treasuries.– (Psalms 135:7)
Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid as it changes into the gas phase. The surrounding gas must not be saturated with the evaporating substance. When the molecules of the liquid collide, they transfer energy to each other based on how they collide with each other.
“He draws up the drops of water, which distill as rain to the streams; the clouds pour down their moisture and abundant showers fall on mankind.Who can understand how he spreads out the clouds,how he thunders from his pavilion?– (Job 36:27-29)
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Oceans evaporation:
In Psalms 33:7 ” He gathers the water in the sea like a dam and puts the oceans in his storehouses. “
Evaporation over Oceanswhere nearly 80% of water evaporation occurs Approximately 80% of all evaporation is from the oceans, with the remaining 20% coming from inland water and vegetation. Winds transport the evaporated water around the globe, influencing the humidity of the air throughout the world. For example, a typical hot and humid summer day in the Midwestern United States is caused by winds blowing tropical oceanic air northward from the Gulf of Mexico.
“When he uttereth his voice, there is a multitude of waters in the heavens, and he causeth the vapours to ascend from the ends of the earth; he maketh lightnings with rain, and bringeth forth the wind out of his treasures.(Jeremiah 10:13)
Space may seem calm, but it is a more hostile environment than that on Earth. Invisible radiation is a big problem for space enthusiasts and scientific instruments. Substituting electronic devices to do human tasks reduces risk, but it doesn’t eliminate all risk.
The Bible states that :
👉 In 1 Corinthians 15:50 ” I tell you this, brothers: flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God, nor does the perishable inherit the imperishable.
Every active device in space is dealing with such risks right now – be it Rosetta the comet chaser or the satellite responsible for streaming live sports. These cause many problem for designers of space instruments, on which millions of taxpayer’s money is spent and which are out there to collect important information and provide vital services.
Beyond the risk of colliding with other objects in space, there are four main dangers for such electronic devices: the empty vacuum, extreme temperature variability, small meteorite impacts and radiation damage.
The temperature variation in space can be enormous. If an astronaut’s back is facing the sun and the front is not, the temperature difference can be as much as 275°F. The vacuum in space increases the temperature too, as heat cannot escape into the surrounding air as it does on Earth. The vacuum can also free trapped pollutants such as water vapour, and deposit this water on cool parts of the spacecraft where it can cause problems such as shorting electronics. But both sensitivity to vacuum and temperature change are relatively easy to deal with, and can also be monitored with simple sensors on board the device.
Small meteorite impacts are hard to predict but remain rare. What causes the most damage is the the constant flux of radiation in the form of high energy particles. These particles cause permanent damage to electronics, which causes them to become unreliable over time and eventually fail.
There are three main radiation sources in space. The first source consists of galactic particles, originating within the Milky Way, along with extra-galactic particles, originating beyond the Milky Way. These can be very high energy, for example the “Oh-My-God particle”, which was a proton that had the energy equivalent to “a brick falling on your toe”. The second source consists of solar particles, forming the solar wind, which are expelled by the sun and are lower energy but much more numerous. The third source consists of trapped particles, which form invisible belts around planets with a strong enough magnetic field, such as that of the Earth. These last two sources fluctuate with solar activity, which follows an 11-year cycle.
The effects of the most energetic particles are classified as “single event effects” (SEEs). These involve particles which are capable of causing the dreaded “blue screen of death”.
The damages can alter values stored in the memory and processors of digital devices, which can make them stop functioning at the most basic level. One way to deal with such damage is to use many memory cells to hold the same value, and compare values constantly to ensure that information only changes when an update is made to all memory cells at the same time.
The gradual accumulation of damage from high-energy particles on Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs) (also found in digital cameras) are of more serious concern to scientists. The accuracy of the measurements needed to perform science is so great that any slight damage to these cameras can alter the data received from them.
You can see effects of this damage in a lot of the videos by astronaut Chris Hadfield on board the International Space Station. In full screen and streaming at highest quality, you will find white spots in the darker areas of the picture. These are caused by radiation damage to the sensor, which allows signal to be created by the temperature of the device, rather than the meaningful light particles which form the image.
Although shielding the components can give some effective prevention of radiation damaging the electronics, camera sensors always need an open path in order to take images. Shielding can also create secondary radiation when a damaging particle hits the shield, setting another particle loose.
Sometimes the entire spacecraft design can cause unexpected radiation effects. For example the Chandra X-Ray Observatory launched in 2002 had a design that allowed protons and ions to be focused onto the CCD sensors through grazing from the telescope mirrors. Worse still, these protons were of the precise energy needed to stop inside the charge carrying region of the device, depositing the majority of their energy there, and increasing the damage during transit through the Earth’s radiation belts.
Although we can heat the sensors in orbit to heal the damage, it is never completely repaired. New methods to deal with the damage are finally coming up with workable solutions. One involves a new type of sensor that captures images using the holes left behind by electrons to capture the image, instead of the electrons themselves. Another involves better processing of the images to counter the damage caused by radiation.
Understanding such damage is becoming more important as scientists need even more sensitive cameras to go in space. For example European Space Agency’s (ESA) Euclid mission is trying to measure the presence of dark matter by detecting the slight change in the shape of galaxies.
Thanks to Albert Einstein’s work, we know that light passing by heavy objects is bent ever so slightly. Dark matter is proposed to make up nearly quarter of all mass in the universe, so to find its presence, the Euclid mission will measure the bending caused by such matter to the light received from galaxies. The bending is so small that if radiation damage is not understood and dealt with, the damage could mask the effects Euclid is looking for.
Just like the Euclid mission, JUICE, another ESA mission due to launch 15 years from now, will spend seven years travelling to Jupiter, resulting in already heavily damaged sensors before science is even able to start. What makes matters worse is that Jupiter has trapped radiation belts of high energy electrons, creating an extremely harsh environment to perform science in. As we continue to develop deeper understanding of effects in sensors, we can extend the useful lifetime of space missions and perform more accurate science.
The Bible states that the LORD dwell in the thick darkness this is not what it’s called the “Dark matter”
“Then Solomon said, “The LORD has said that he would dwell in thick darkness.— ( 1 Kings 8:12)
Dark matter is a form of matter that is thought to account for approximately 85% of the matter in the universe and about a quarter of its total energy density. The majority of dark matter is thought to be non-baryonic in nature, possibly being composed of some as-yet undiscovered subatomic particles. Unlike normal matter, dark matter does not interact with the electromagnetic force. This means it does not absorb, reflect or emit light, making it extremely hard to spot. In fact, researchers have been able to infer the existence of dark matter only from the gravitational effect it seems to have on visible matter. Dark matter seems to outweigh visible matter roughly six to one, making up about 27% of the universe. Here’s a sobering fact: The matter we know and that makes up all stars and galaxies only accounts for 5% of the content of the universe! But what is dark matter? One idea is that it could contain “supersymmetric particles” – hypothesized particles that are partners to those already known in the Standard Model. Experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) may provide more direct clues about dark matter. Many theories say the dark matter particles would be light enough to be produced at the LHC. If they were created at the LHC, they would escape through the detectors unnoticed. However, they would carry away energy and momentum, so physicists could infer their existence from the amount of energy and momentum “missing” after a collision. Dark matter candidates arise frequently in theories that suggest physics beyond the Standard Model, such as supersymmetry and extra dimensions. One theory suggests the existence of a “Hidden Valley”, a parallel world made of dark matter having very little in common with matter we know. If one of these theories proved to be true, it could help scientists gain a better understanding of the composition of our universe and, in particular, how galaxies hold together.
In Psalms 18:11 “He made darkness his secret place;..”
Human is the only species on earth who light the earth from space :
The Bible states that We human is the light of the world ,when Benjamin Franklin discovered the electricity this was the beginning that we have lit the light of the world.
“You are the light of the world. A town built on a hill cannot be hidden.– ( Matthew 5:14)
Just think…without electricity, you wouldn’t be able to enjoy your daily Wonder of the Day! What a horrible thought! But don’t worry. Electricity does exist and it allows us to enjoy life in so many ways. Since electricity is a natural force that exists in our world, it didn’t have to be invented. It did, however, have to be discovered and understood. Most people give credit to Benjamin Franklin for discovering electricity. Benjamin Franklin had one of the greatest scientific minds of his time. He was interested in many areas of science, made many discoveries, and invented many things, including bifocal glasses. In the mid-1700s, he became interested in electricity. Up until that time, scientists had mainly known about and experimented with static electricity. Benjamin Franklin took things a big step ahead. He came up with the idea that electricity had positive and negative elements and that electricity flowed between these elements. He also believed that lightning was a form of this flowing electricity. In 1752, Franklin conducted his famous kite experiment. In order to show that lightning was electricity, he flew a kite during a thunderstorm. He tied a metal key to the kite string to conduct the electricity. Just as he thought, electricity from the storm clouds transferred to the kite and electricity flowed down the string and gave him a shock. He’s lucky that he didn’t get hurt, but he didn’t mind the shock since it proved his idea. Building upon Franklin’s work, many other scientists studied electricity and began to understand more about how it works. For example, in 1879, Thomas Edison invented the electric light bulb and our world has been brighter ever since! But was Benjamin Franklin really the first person to discover electricity? Maybe not! At the turn of the 17th century, English scientist William Gilbert established the science underlying the study of electricity and magnetism. Inspired by Gilbert’s work, another Englishman, Sir Thomas Browne, made further investigations and wrote books about his findings. Gilbert and Browne are credited with being the first scientists to use the term “electricity.”
Volcanoes smoke Key To Earth’s Oxygen Atmosphere The Bible states that God’s send his Spirit to create then he renew the face of the earth he touches the mountains and they smoke .
The Volcanoes smoke is the key to Earth oxygen atmosphere and climate:
“When you send your Spirit, they are created, and you renew the face of the ground…”he who looks at the earth, and it trembles, who touches the mountains, and they smoke..— ( Psalms 104:30,32)
A switch from predominantly undersea volcanoes to a mix of undersea and terrestrial ones shifted the Earth’s atmosphere from devoid of oxygen to one with free oxygen, according to geologists. Before 2.5 billion years ago, the Earth’s atmosphere lacked oxygen. However, biomarkers in rocks 200 million years older than that period, show oxygen-producing cyanobacteria released oxygen at the same levels as today. The oxygen produced then, had to be going somewhere. The rise of oxygen allowed for the evolution of complex oxygen-breathing life forms,” says Lee R. Kump, professor of geoscience, Penn State. Before 2.5 billion years ago, the Earth’s atmosphere lacked oxygen. However, biomarkers in rocks 200 million years older than that period, show oxygen-producing cyanobacteria released oxygen at the same levels as today. The oxygen produced then, had to be going somewhere. “The absence of oxidized soil profiles and red beds indicates that oxidative weathering rates were negligible during the Archaean,” the researchers report in the Aug. 30 issue of Nature. The ancient Earth should have had an oxygen atmosphere but something was converting, reducing, the oxygen and removing it from the atmosphere. The researchers suggest that submarine volcanoes, producing a reducing mixture of gases and lavas, effectively scrubbed oxygen from the atmosphere, binding it into oxygen containing minerals. “The Archaean more than 2.5 billion years ago seemed to be dominated by submarine volcanoes,” says Kump. “Subaerial andesite volcanoes on thickened continental crust seem to be almost absent in the Archaean.” About 2.5 billion years ago at the Archaean/Proterozoic boundary, when stabilized continental land masses arose and terrestrial volcanoes appeared, markers show that oxygen began appearing in the atmosphere. Kump and Mark E. Barley, professor of geology, University of Western Australia, looked at the geologic record from the Archaean and the Palaeoproterozoic in search of the remains of volcanoes. They found that the Archaean was nearly devoid of terrestrial volcanoes, but heavily populated by submarine volcanoes. The Palaeoproterozoic, however, had ample terrestrial volcanic activity along with continuing submarine vulcanism. Subaerial volcanoes arose after 2.5 billion years ago and did not strip oxygen from the air. Having a mix of volcanoes dominated by terrestrial volcanoes allowed oxygen to exist in the atmosphere. Terrestrial volcanoes could become much more common in the Palaeoproterozoic because land masses stabilized and the current tectonic regime came into play. The researchers looked at the ratio of submarine to subaerial volcanoes through time. Because submarine volcanoes erupt at lower temperatures than terrestrial volcanoes, they are more reducing. As long as the reducing ability of the submarine volcanoes was larger than the amounts of oxygen created, the atmosphere had no oxygen. When terrestrial volcanoes began to dominate, oxygen levels increased.
The Bible states about the Quake that shake the earth and the mountains removeth this movements of continents called continental drift
“Which removeth the mountains, and they know not: which overturneth them in his anger.– (Job 9:5)
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“Then the earth quaked and trembled. The foundations of the mountains shook; they quaked because of his anger.– ( Psalms 18:7)
Continental drift, large-scale horizontal movements of continents relative to one another and to the ocean basins during one or more episodes of geologic time. This concept was an important precursor to the development of the theory of plate tectonics, which incorporates it.
“…and every mountain and island was removed from its place.– ( Revelation 6:14)
The idea of a large-scale displacement of continents has a long history. Noting the apparent fit of the bulge of eastern South America into the bight of Africa, the German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt theorized about 1800 that the lands bordering the Atlantic Ocean had once been joined. Some 50 years later, Antonio Snider-Pellegrini, a French scientist, argued that the presence of identical fossil plants in both North American and European coal deposits could be explained if the two continents had formerly been connected, a relationship otherwise difficult to account for. In 1908 Frank B. Taylor of the United States invoked the notion of continental collision to explain the formation of some of the world’s mountain ranges. The first truly detailed and comprehensive theory of continental drift was proposed in 1912 by Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist. Bringing together a large mass of geologic and paleontological data, Wegener postulated that throughout most of geologic time there was only one continent, which he called Pangea. Late in the Triassic Period (which lasted from approximately 251 million to 199.6 million years ago), Pangea fragmented, and the parts began to move away from one another. Westward drift of the Americas opened the Atlantic Ocean, and the Indian block drifted across the Equator to merge with Asia. In 1937 Alexander L. Du Toit, a South African geologist, modified Wegener’s hypothesis by suggesting two primordial continents: Laurasia in the north and Gondwana in the south.
“When you send your Spirit, they are created, and you renew the face of the ground…”he who looks at the earth, and it trembles, who touches the mountains, and they smoke.— ( Psalms 104:30,32)
Pangea fragmented:
“And unto Eber were born two sons: the name of one was Peleg; for in his days was the earth divided; and his brother’s name was Joktan.– ( Genesis 10:25)
Pangaea or Pangea was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras.It assembled from earlier continental units approximately 335 million years ago, and it began to break apart about 175 million years ago.In contrast to the present Earth and its distribution of continental mass, much of Pangaea was in the southern hemisphere and surrounded by a superocean, Panthalassa. Pangaea was the most recent supercontinent to have existed and the first to be reconstructed by geologists.
Forget meteorology, it’s animals who can best tell us what weather to expect! Sometimes. Can animals predict the weather? Birds, like the albatross, can be greatly affected by changes in the weather.Observers report that the animals seemed to have some warning, whether by several hours or just seconds, that allowed them, and the people who heeded those warnings, the chance to find safety. As we await the groundhog to let us know when spring will arrive, keep a lookout for these animals next time you think about checking your favorite weather app. Predicting weather is not an accurate science.
Meteorologists lean on their experience, intuition and science. However, some animals can predict weather without smart books and difficult calculations and, to be honest, are much better than humans are since their survival depended on this ability.
The Bible states:
Job 36:33 “Its noise tells about him, and the animals also concerning the storm that comes up. “
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Job 37:8-9 “The animals take cover; they remain in their dens. The tempest comes out from its chamber,the cold from the driving winds.”
1. Groundhogs: Legend has it that each year on February 2nd, a groundhog who sees its shadow at sunrise predicts six more weeks of winter. We’ve calculated that this is about 50% accurate, so take the groundhog forecast as you will as you impatiently wait for spring.
2. Cows: Farmers say that cows acting restless and lying down — odd behavior for these large mammals — can signal that a big storm is coming. A 2013 article in The Daily Mail reported that there is in fact scientific evidence that cows have special weather predicting powers!
3.Dogs: Is it about to rain cats and dogs? Your pet may know! Dogs have been known to act restless before a big storm ABC blogs that dogs really can sense storms! Don’t let Fido forget your umbrella.
4.Cats: Have you relied on a feline forecaster lately? NPR reports that an 1883 book from the U.S. Army Signal Service, the predecessor to the National Weather Service, claimed that the natural world can be better than than scientific tools at predicting the weather. Some cat signals to look out for: sneezing, scratching, lying on their head with a turned-up mouth and snoring can all predict rain.
5.Frogs: According to Woman’s Day, frogs are known to croak louder before a big storm hits.
6.Birds Birds have been said to predict major storms, like tornadoes and natural disasters. National Geographic reports that scientists believe birds can be “tipped off by infrasound–a type of low-frequency noise–produced by the storms,” which humans cannot hear. Groups of birds migrating with high energy can signal an upcoming storm.
7.Japanese catfish : Different than American catfish, Japanese catfish have been said to predict earthquakes, both in folklore and science. The L.A. Times reported at study in which Japanese catfish increased activity before quakes.
8.Turtles: Before a big storm — which could cause habitat flooding — turtles may become more apparent on roads and sidewalks. WikiHow says turtles move to higher ground when they predict a large rainfall.
9.Squirrels See a bunch of squirrels hoarding food? It may be because they know that a big storm or harsh weather is coming. Nature Alamanac says that squirrels burying their nuts deep in the ground can foreshadow cold weather.
Did you know that the cells of our body die daily this is called Apoptosis The Bibles states that Apostle Paul mention this process of dying daily !
👉 1 Corinthians 15:31 “I protest by your rejoicing which I have in Christ Jesus our Lord, I die daily.
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Apoptosis, on the other hand, is relatively civil, even though it may not sound so at first — it’s when a cell commits suicide. How is that better than necrosis? For one thing, the cleanup is much easier. It’s sometimes referred to as programmed cell death, and indeed, the process of apoptosis follows a controlled, predictable routine.The death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development.
” O wretched man that I am! who shall deliver me from the body of this death?— ( Romans 7:24 )
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“The cords of death entangled me; the torrents of destruction overwhelmed me.— ( Psalms 18:4 )
COMMUNICATION GADGET’S USING MINERALS FROM THE ROCKS
The Bible states that the time will come that the rocks will cry out loud this is the prophecy of the invention of communication gadget’s using minerals from the rocks.
“He said to them, “I say to you that if these would be silent, the rocks would be crying out loud.”— ( Luke 19:40)
Whether you realize it or not, mining is a fundamental part to our everyday lives. The industry supplies the necessary metals and minerals to make modern life work–serving critical roles in infrastructure, machinery, technology and health. We break down the top 10 rocks minerals that hold the keys to life in the 21st century.
Potash One of the most underrated minerals to exist, potash plays a central role in helping feed the ever growing population. Approximately 95 percent of the world’s potash production is used as fertilizer, with the remaining amount used for various chemicals. Derived from “pot ash,” which refers to plant ashes soaked in water in a pot, the mineral is produced worldwide and exceeds more than 30 million tons per year.
Zinc Along with various health reasons, zinc is vital for modern life because of its resistance to corrosion. Popular since the 10th century, the metal is used to make many useful alloys including lead, tin, brass and copper. Metallic zinc is also used to make dry cell batteries, roof cladding and die castings.
Lithium Lithium, a soft, silvery metal, is the lowest density of all metals and is often made into alloys with aluminum and magnesium to improve their strength, including making them lighter. Used in everything from mobile phones, laptops, digital cameras and electric vehicles, lithium is one of the most popular metals used in today’s modern life. In fact, with the rise in popularity for electric cars, the global consumption for lithium has more than doubled since 2012.
Bauxite Although not technically a mineral, bauxite is formed from a laterite soil that has been severely leached of silica and other soluble materials in a wet tropical or subtropical climate. Bauxite is, however, widely used to make modern life work. It is primarily used to create aluminum.
Cobalt Thanks to Tesla, cobalt is estimated to become the commodity of the future as it is widely expected to be used in the company’s new Powerwall innovation. This lustrous, silvery-blue metal is magnetic and is often alloyed with aluminum and nickel to make particularly powerful magnets.
Gold Gold is the clear breadwinner when it comes to value. The precious metal, which is basically worshipped across the global, is primarily used for luxury purposes such jewelry and important objects like wedding rings, Olympic medals, Grammys, currency, etc. According to the World Gold Council, gold can also be used to solve certain environmental concerns.
Silver Known for its rarity and value, silver has many uses in our modern day lives. Traditionally used for jewelry and silverware, this precious metal is also resistant to corrosion and oxidation, making it extremely useful for other industries. In addition, silver is the best thermal and electrical conductor of all the metals. Beat that,gold!
Iron ore Iron ore is fundamental in creating railway tracks, which have long been a central part of daily life. Not only do they connect families and communities together, but they serve businesses by transporting products, services and freight needed to power the world.
Platinum Platinum serves a critical role in the circuit boards of medical apparatus, electrical gadgets and household gadgets, including fiber optic cables for telecommunication devices. The metal is also critical in keeping people alive, serving a huge role in pacemakers to transmit electrical impulses to stabilize heartbeats.
Copper Copper is the most vital mineral to modern life, used in everything from electrical wiring in households and cars to the saucepans in our kitchens. Thanks to its antimicrobial properties, copper can even fight bacteria.
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It is All rocks minerals !!!
The raw materials used in the manufacture of mobile phones come from a variety of rocks minerals. These and the parts of a mobile phone they are used to make are listed below. Screen The mobile phone screen is made up of indium and tin, which are mainly found in China. The liquid crystal display (LCD) screen is made of aluminosilicate glass, a mixture of aluminium and silicon. China is the world’s biggest producer of tin and is also a major importer of the metal used primarily in solder for electronics. In 2014, China exported 3,000 tonnes with the average tin prize being $23,150 a tonne. Industry experts note that at the end of 2015, the prizes will climb to $27,000, which will see China rake in $81 million. Battery Lithium, colt and manganese are used to make phone batteries. The majority of today’s phones use lithium ion batteries. In 2013, global lithium consumption doubled driven largely by its use in lithium-ion batteries for cell phones and power tools. The world’s supply of lithium comes from Australia, Chile, China, Tibet and Argentina. According to the US Geological Survey, Australia in 2014 produced 13,000 tonnes of lithium followed by Chile at 12,900. In Africa, it’s only Zimbabwe which managed to produce 1,000 tonnes at the privately owned Bikita Minerals raking in $7 million. Electrical units A wide range of elements and compounds are used in the electronics of a phone. The processor of the phone is made from pure silicon, which is bombarded with elements such as phosphorus, antimony, arsenic, boron, indium or gallium. The micro-electrical components and wiring in the phone are composed mainly of copper, gold, and silver. Congo and Zambia are some of the main exporting countries. In 2013, Congo’s copper output rose to 900,000 tonnes. The electrical unit also consists of micro-capacitors which use tantalum, platinum and palladium. tantalum and niobium are extracted from Coltan ores. DRC is the world’s largest producer of Coltan. Rwanda and Uganda also contribute significantly to Coltan exports in the world. In 2013, Rwanda was the world’s single largest exporter of coltan, exporting 2.4 million tonnes. This earned it $134.5 million. Palladium and platinum are other minerals used in the electrical circuits of phones. South Africa and Zimbabwe are some of the countries that export these minerals. The platinum price in 2014 averaged $1840 per ounce last year with Europe and China being the main markets for this mineral. Amplifier, vibrators, receiver The microphone and speaker of the phone both contain magnets, which are usually made from arsenic and gallium. South Africa is one of the world’s largest exporters of arsenic minerals. Gallium is a by-product of mining and processing of aluminium, zinc and copper. China produces 80 per cent of the world’s used gallium with Japan being the biggest consumer mainly because of its production of electronics. Gallium has mainly been used in amplifiers for mobile phones integrated circuits and also in LEDs for backlighting of computers, phones and televisions. Tungsten also finds use as weights for the vibrating motors within the phone. China, Russia, Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda are some of the countries that produce these rare mineral. East Africa produced a combined 710 tonnes of this mineral in 2014. Minerals such as neodymium are used in magnets, which make speakers vibrate. China produces more than 90 per cent of the world’s supply of rare-earth minerals and neodymium is one of them. Casing Most phone casings are either made of metals or plastic with the latter mainly relying on carbon-based units to make the plastic covers. Magnesium compounds are one of the minerals in the phone case. Magnesium is mined in China, Brazil, India and the United States, with China dominating its consumption.
THE SCIENCE OF THE BIBLE 